The Orient means the countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia. The term arises out of a western viewpoint that sees this region as pre-modern, traditional and mysterious.

The new merchants could not set up business in the towns in Europe, because the powerful trade guilds and urban crafts made it difficult for new merchants to start business in towns and restricted their entry.

The first symbol of factory system was cotton. Its production boomed in the late 18th century. In 1760, Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton for its cotton industry .By 1787 its import soared to 22 million pounds.

A Fuller ‘fulls’ or gathers cloth by pleating and ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fibre. A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler, and carried it to the spinners, the yarn (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers.

The earliest factories in England came up by the 1730s. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories multiplied.

Carding is a process in which cotton or wool fibres are prepared for spinning.

James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model.

The typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century, according to historians, was traditional craftsperson and labourer and not a machine operator.

The women in the woollen industry attacked the introduction of spinning jenny because of the fear of unemployment. This made the women workers hostile to the introduction of new technology.

First: the Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and later they appoint a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.